https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2 daily 0.75 2021-05-07 https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/blog-post-title-one-n77a7 monthly 0.5 2020-10-30 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f612fb02150a9389f0fae5d/1600204830014/IMG_1998.jpg Blog - Seismic Acquisition Geometry in a Class of its’ Own - Airgun prototype courtesy Leonid Akentiev circa 1982 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f61119bb34ed66a868c024b/1600197025828/acq%2Bclass.jpg Blog - Seismic Acquisition Geometry in a Class of its’ Own - Seismic survey type by relative position of seismic sources and receivers. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f613049f922b759b93bbf3f/1600204883001/acquisition%2Bmatrix.jpg Blog - Seismic Acquisition Geometry in a Class of its’ Own - Source and receiver classification based on position relative to surface https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/the-vsp-corridor-stack-an-imperative-constraint-in-the-age-of-machine-learning monthly 0.5 2020-10-30 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f6a78aeefa5766d2b5483c9/1600813241969/VSP%2Bprocessing%2B4.jpg Blog - The VSP Corridor Stack - An Imperative Constraint in the Age of Machine Learning - The downgoing wavefield on the left is deconvolved with a deterministic operator to remove multiples and collapse the trace to a band limited zero phase wavelet (center panel). The same operator is applied to the upgoing wavefield (right). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f6a782f1056b05934632660/1600813119415/VSP%2Bprocessing%2B3.jpg Blog - The VSP Corridor Stack - An Imperative Constraint in the Age of Machine Learning - Upgoing wavefield derived from subtracting downgoing from total wavefield. This wavefield still contains multiples and phase changes contained in downgoing wavefield. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f6a77539514543c8e83370d/1600812894911/VSP%2Bprocessing%2B1.jpg Blog - The VSP Corridor Stack - An Imperative Constraint in the Age of Machine Learning - Vertical component zero offset VSP showing upgoing and downgoing wave fields. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f6a79145524ab3f1790ef2f/1600813348139/Picture1.png Blog - The VSP Corridor Stack - An Imperative Constraint in the Age of Machine Learning - (Image source: A Gentle Introduction to Machine Learning, Mark Dahl, P.Geo. CSEG Recorder Jan 2018, Vol 43 No. 1) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f6a77b3683a871721797d73/1600812990406/VSP%2Bprocessing%2B2.jpg Blog - The VSP Corridor Stack - An Imperative Constraint in the Age of Machine Learning - Downgoing wavefield derived from full wavefield. Note multiple contamination and phase change with depth. https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/microseismic-event-quality-a-personal-approach-to-data-qc monthly 0.5 2020-10-30 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f7362ccfdd5395a8b6c853b/1601397458830/microseismic%2BQC%2Bblog%2B2.jpg Blog - Microseismic Event ‘Quality’. A Personal Approach to Data QC - Hodograms for high SNR (left) showing well constrained back azimuth projection and low SNR (right) showing poorly constrained back azimuth projection https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f7362360ee14b78f871474d/1601397311325/microseismic%252BQC%252Bblog.jpg Blog - Microseismic Event ‘Quality’. A Personal Approach to Data QC - Microseismic event waveforms of varying signal to noise ratio (SNR) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f736455aeb3746e742ff6fa/1601397854735/microseismic%2BQC%2Bblog%2B3.jpg Blog - Microseismic Event ‘Quality’. A Personal Approach to Data QC - Event magnitude against event distance from receiver array (MSEEL data) https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/fanciful-geophysics-and-the-art-of-the-revealer monthly 0.5 2020-10-30 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f85bdae84872a436bf3e76f/1602600373927/Blog%2B4%2Bpictures.jpg Blog - Fanciful Geophysics and the art of the Revealer - Laurie Veale casting the black art of geophysics spell on my father, Trevor Parker in 1933. It skipped a generation as he was a banker for 40 years. A similar black art some might argue. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f85bbd564eac37c32e00098/1602599902618/Blog%2B4%2Bpictures.jpg Blog - Fanciful Geophysics and the art of the Revealer - Lawrence J. Veale circa. 1960 and ‘The Revealer’ https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f85c07634191c48d2e16dc9/1602601086397/Blog%2B4%2Bpictures.jpg Blog - Fanciful Geophysics and the art of the Revealer - Flints Auctions. Lot 160 (Fine Photographica & Instruments of Science & Medicine, 26th April 2018) A Revealer - Dowsing Instrument. Signed 'J. C. Oliver, Leeds', in fitted plush lined oak case, with instructions; Used to find underground services and minerals. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f85bf9b8823b20d0409f22b/1602600865903/Blog%2B4%2Bpictures.jpg Blog - Fanciful Geophysics and the art of the Revealer - Left, dowsing for metal ore, from 1556 "De re metallica libri XII" book. Right, 1942: George Casely uses a hazel twig to attempt to find water on the land around his Devon farm. https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/a-potted-history-of-downhole-seismic-sources monthly 0.5 2020-10-23 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9305188c65fe04e98c2422/1603470635297/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bhistory%2B1.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources - Geometry of crosswell seismic acquisition setup https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f930664e8dfbb4e76ef87d2/1603470955473/Downhole%252Bsource%252Bhistory%252B1.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f930dfea5eeae13091f4804/1603472905244/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bhistory.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources - Seismic source and receivers in cross well configuration (Paulsson et al 1996) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f930f2f7c51a86a3059808a/1603473212838/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bhistory.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources - Borehole orbital vibrator source (left) and cross-sectional view (right) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9306892665527465fe255f/1603470993423/Downhole%252Bsource%252Bhistory%252B1.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f930e90a96e7d152b242f33/1603473049328/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bhistory.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources - Dual wavefield data set with P-wave data left and S-wave data (right). (Nalonnil et al 2013) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f930ae1c7074f39dd77db0f/1603472106378/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bhistory.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources - P-wave velocity tomogram between BH 2 and BH 4 (Parker et al 1994) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9307a4a96e7d152b22cb19/1603471273599/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bhistory.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources - Mode of operation of Sparker source (Heigl et al 2012) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f930a368f63233c9baa590a/1603471933540/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bhistory.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources - Comparison of time domain power distribution of impulsive and controlled frequency sources (Winbow 1991) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9308d7a96e7d152b2301e2/1603471585573/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bhistory.jpg Blog - A Potted History of Downhole Seismic Sources - Common receiver gather of fifty shots with sparker set to 100 Hz and receiver being about 4650 ft away (Heigl et al 2012) https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/downhole-seismic-source-applications monthly 0.5 2020-10-30 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c53d064ac1004cbddc9f7/1604080608438/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Single well imager deployed for salt flank imaging https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c65e0d8870b3d74590ff4/1604085219869/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Integration of velocity tomogram inverted from crosswell direct P-wave traveltimes (left) with impedance map from surface 3-D seismic inversion (right). The highlighted area denotes the crosswell coverage. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c5047b5ca6249ccfe07a7/1604079698440/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Downhole source applications https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c63f77366b77b83c93c27/1604084745357/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Crosswell Seismic and 3D Seismic Acquired in 2004. Crosswell Up-Going P Wave Reflection Image between Well A and C (Left) and Surface 3D Seismic for The Same Location (Right). (Zhang et al, 2005) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c652df6ddfe42befd2ef2/1604085051170/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Interpreted crosswell reflection profile between wells showing salt collapse feature edges (blue), associated faulting (green) and shallow salt layers (orange). Boone et al (2008). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c6040569d1a745af5b821/1604083801017/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Velocity tomogram snapshots taken over a year of steam injection (Bair et al 1999) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c5309b216af07033558c5/1604080419434/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Borehole seismic survey geometry of a) Salt Proximity, b) Sediment Proximity, and c) Reflection Salt Proximity (RSP) with seismic rays. (Li et al, 2016) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c5472b549012eb3641ecc/1604080768934/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Single well imager deployed for cap rock integrity https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c55439189643dd3e84027/1604080972861/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Single well imager (left) and common offset gathers before and after predictive deconvolution (right), Daley et al (2003). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c635fde1e551321f0733e/1604084584774/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Comparison of surface seismic (2005), re-processed seismic (2010) & Crosswell Seismic profile XR2-X17 (2011). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c5ec664ac1004cbe00369/1604083402701/Picture1.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Results from a vertical monitor well (MW) and treatment well (TW) shows improvement in modeled perforation shot locations using a model calibrated with crosswell shots (green) over locations based on a model with no calibration (purple). Hogarth et al (2017) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c5fbf9720197f879e7fe3/1604083657167/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Crosswell tomographic P-wave (left) and S-wave (right) velocity difference section. Microseismic events generally do not cross into the lower P-wave or S-wave velocity anomaly. The 0.8 % decrease in P-wave velocity (left) straddles the proposed location of a low offset fault controlling microseismicity. The 3 % decrease in S-wave velocity coincides with the proposed location of the same fault. (Zorn, 2016). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f9c626c2f476b4597990a6c/1604084346206/Downhole%2Bsource%2Bapplications.jpg Blog - Where is a Geophysicists Best Source of Seismic? Downhole. - Time lapse P-wave velocity tomogram showing difference in velocity after nine months of CO2 injection (Lazaratos et al 1997) https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/the-end-of-the-last-run- monthly 0.5 2020-11-13 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5faee99636358572f135989a/1605298590680/The%2BFuture%2Bof%2BBorehole%2BSeismic.jpg Blog - The End of The Last Run ? - The VSP (top) detected sand deeper than the Pink 6.5LL reflection in the (lower) surface seismic data. The VSP was very useful for calling hole section TD. (Joy et al, 2018) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5faee8d908f95b782a5267c0/1605298400939/The%2BFuture%2Bof%2BBorehole%2BSeismic.jpg Blog - The End of The Last Run ? - Number of occurrences of selected keyword search in EarthDoc. (Rowbotham, 2020) https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/insar-no-longer-under-the-radar monthly 0.5 2021-03-22 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6011ecc57f37c57eb128e5a9/1611787468233/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - InSAR, no longer under the radar. - Left, Interferogram B - 4.78 years: 95-11-04 to 00-09-24. Each color represents 0.16 cm line-of-sight LOS distance change. A full fringe color cycle is 2.83 cm LOS or 3.07 cm vertical. Surface faults: heavy black lines. Right, Interferogram A - 2.96 years: 92-11-26 to 95-11-04 (Oppliger et al, 2004). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6011ead478a3eb6f5342a2a9/1611786971624/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - InSAR, no longer under the radar. - Geometry of observations used to form the synthetic aperture for target P at alongtrack position x = 0. Credit: NASA SAR Handbook. Geometry of observations used to form the synthetic aperture for target P at alongtrack position x = 0. Credit: NASA SAR Handbook https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6011ea86800e057299862822/1611786892104/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - InSAR, no longer under the radar. - The electromagnetic spectrum with microwave bands inset. Credit: NASA SAR Handbook. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6011eb44d06576777aef9597/1611787080548/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - InSAR, no longer under the radar. - A Falcon 9 carrying 143 satellites launches from Cape Canaveral, Florida, on January 24, 2021 Credit: Carleton Bailie https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6011ebf9d06576777aefa161/1611787265181/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - InSAR, no longer under the radar. - Surface deformation map (mm), 2010-2020 (Rahmoune et al, 2021). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6011ed710a527a64b702cba2/1611787640482/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - InSAR, no longer under the radar. - (Left image) Average displacement rate map [mm/yr] provided by the analysis of SAR data. The black line represents the location of the fault plane inferred by a geomechanical analysis. (Right image) Amount of tensile opening of the fault plane (Rucci et al, 2018). https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/insar-providing-insight-into-the-stimulated-volume-of-unconventional-stimulations monthly 0.5 2021-02-09 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/601dcfbeb85f7648c922210f/1612566472431/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - Unconventional insight with InSAR. - Crossplot of seismic versus hydraulic energy for various cases. MSEEL 5H stage 23 overlain (after Maxwell & Rutledge, 2013). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/601da57bba7bfc2a3fecd77d/1612556072228/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - Unconventional insight with InSAR. - Data acquisition strategy for pad (left) and subsequent data integration work flow (right) modified from Morales et al (2019). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/601d86dc7f418e55b155f297/1618349285334/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - Unconventional insight with InSAR. - Surface Tiltmeter (left) and schematic of surface deformation induced by subsurface fracture network (right). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/601da64a3cfe4533219dd91f/1612556016752/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - Unconventional insight with InSAR. - Map view of all microseismic events recorded during the stimulation of the MSEEL 5H well. Events are colored by the stage being stimulated when they were recorded and sized relative to their magnitude. Gross estimated dimensions of the microseismic event cloud is shown. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/601dce85eef4e6548fd29e56/1612566174722/Screen%2BShot%2B2021-02-05%2Bat%2B5.01.41%2BPM.jpg Blog - Unconventional insight with InSAR. - InSAR camping considerations based on microseismic event cloud dimensions. Potential InSAR spatial samples at 50 ft sampling: 180 x 60 samples Potential InSAR temporal samples: 6 days / 12 hours = 12 samples https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/601da94a1d56677838d18136/1612556695286/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - Unconventional insight with InSAR. - Seismic injection efficiency computed using surface (solid) and bottomhole (dashed) pumped energies (Maxwell et al, 2008). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/601dc8bb61fd1e17acc4efec/1612564684167/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - Unconventional insight with InSAR. - MSEEL 5H Stage 23 variation in seismic injection efficiency. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/601dc80b89839d41721b1631/1612564499030/InSAR%2Bslides.jpg Blog - Unconventional insight with InSAR. - MSEEL 5H Stage 23 treatment data and microseismic event rate. Highlighted area corresponds to time duration of stage. https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/monitoring-co2-containment monthly 0.5 2021-05-07 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6077113dd76a7907842f9c0d/1618415951084/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 - CO2CRC Otway project location (left), schematic of well locations and monitoring types (right), in particular note, ‘Airmonitoring’ site. Courtesy UKCCS Research Center Blog post https://ukccsrc.ac.uk/blog_posts/quantifying-residual-and-solubility-trapping-of-co2-at-the-co2crc-otway-test-site/ https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/607712a132f5df2ae7f8a0a1/1618416307791/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 - The cartoon illustrates the DIAL system measuring two plumes of CO2 emissions separated by 500 meters. The panel on the right is a simulation of the raw signal return, the log of the range corrected signal, and the final DIAL result which clearly shows the concentration of CO2 in each plume of gas. (https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/differential-absorption-lidar-detection-and-quantification-greenhouse-gases) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/60771201250f1d181146448e/1618416142661/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 - (Left) Image of mobile laser data from the western shore of the Laacher See. Data from consecutive days from the central portion are both displayed and show that the two main vents were clearly identified on both occasions. (Right) Walking traverses over gas vents at Latera with the ground surface measurement system (infrared analyzer) measuring. CO2 concentrations at different heights show the fall-off in response with increasing height; the weaker vent is not seen at heights greater than 10 cm. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/607711c2f1c052798ec0f94b/1618416077021/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 - Atmospheric concentrations during scheduled venting of well fluid. The venting period occurs at about 10:00 and is represented as a solid bar. The upper chart shows two blue curves representing a continuous CO2 measurement and a flux type measurement. Each measurement shows clear diurnal variation. The lower chart shows concentration changes in tracers SF6 and CH4. Both show positive correlation with the venting period. The baseline curves are from an air pollution meteorological station in Tasmania. After Etheridge et al (2011). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/607710dd5a0fc05aacc68598/1618415869582/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 Solar powered eddy covariance station at CCUS site near Decatur, Illinois (left). Setting up the station, right. Burba et al, 2013. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6077157eed465b5d1ef1c33f/1618417031799/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 - Cartoon illustrating three monitoring areas of a typical CCUS MVA program https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6077105d23f15d53a5ffc877/1618415729346/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 - Tower mounted 3D anemometer and gas analyzer (top). Air flow over an area with no flux (a), air flow over an area with flux (b), bottom. Burba et al, 2013. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/60771092d52a5624cd2e8a1a/1618415775404/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/607713020967a21121a438b7/1618416400638/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 1 - Global CCUS Projects 2021 (https://www.iogp.org/bookstore/product/map-of-global-ccs-projects/) https://www.parkergeo.com/blog-2/monitoring-co2-containment-for-ccus-projects monthly 0.5 2021-05-07 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6095829da3a2ed3799bde57f/1620411049712/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 Design of growth box (a) and experimental arrangement (b), top. Morphology of corn leaves in the ‘CON’ (control) and CO2 (CO2 gas injection) treatments, bottom (Kim et al 2019). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6095800813899538a4f349a4/1620410437548/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 Suggestion of baseline monitoring framework for China's CCUS project with monitoring zone categories overlain. Adapted from Li et al (2014) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/60958134894b9563f6754638/1620410690159/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 INERIS flux chamber diagram (Pokryszka et al, 2000) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/609582d91157801a1b2043cb/1620411145029/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 Schematic of the Mach–Zehnder interferometer (MZI) constructed using a small stub of hollow-core photonic crystal fiber (HC-PCF), top, working principle based on geometric light propagation in the fiber assembly, middle. Schematic of packaging (a), and sensor packaging (b), bottom (Ahmed et al, 2019). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6095831c3e2fdc6219b34eb8/1620411181920/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 (a) Laboratory setup for CO2 concentration measurement in soil, and (b) measurement of CO2 concentrations in soil at atmospheric pressure and room temperature (Ahmed et al, 2019) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/6095839e3cb1d93a5f8e83ba/1620411315987/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 (Left image) Average displacement rate map [mm/yr] provided by the analysis of SAR data. The black line represents the location of the fault plane inferred by a geomechanical analysis. (Right image) Amount of tensile opening of the fault plane. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/60957f716b13a245ec4babdd/1620410238213/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/609583e2ba05c762a884be3f/1620411374356/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 Bell Creek project InSAR data. Surface deformation map (top) showing pronounced deformation associated with phase 4. Correlation of surface deformation and injected volumes (bottom). EERC, PCOR. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/60958179fc7a301d78be9728/1620410776317/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 Air temperature, soil water content and atmospheric pressure measured during each field session at each monitoring location. Data are shown as box plots presenting median value, quartiles and outliers (Gal et al, 2019). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/609582536b13a245ec4c030c/1620410984809/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 Depiction of CO2 monitoring system in a shallow well (left) and schematic diagram of the U-tube sampler (right) (Li et al, 2014) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/609581ccf3ca4f764c049f29/1620410906615/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 Soil CO2 concentration, soil-gas flux at the soil/atmosphere interface (Gal et al, 2019) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/609580c001e10d59c35f1617/1620410617285/Picture1.png Blog - Monitoring CO2 containment, part 2 Locations of the 36 monitoring stations (35 different locations) plotted onto a geological map. The hexagon shape links the six geophysical observation boreholes for passive seismic monitoring down to 2 km‐depth. Point 16‐A is close to the location of the injection well (RSE‐1). (Gal et al, 2019) https://www.parkergeo.com/home daily 1.0 2021-02-14 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d43e500332767a8a9c22/1599673268130/ Home - Geothermal Monitoring programs using borehole seismic techniques are used to provide high resolution reservoir imaging throughout the development of the field. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d43e500332767a8a9c24/1599673276706/ Home - Engineering Applications include shallow subsurface mapping related to structural integrity and underground repositories. Delineation of faults, collapse features and unconsolidated zones relevant to engineering projects. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d43e500332767a8a9c20/1599673252584/ Home - Oil & Gas Insight to well spacing, landing depth, stage spacing and completion strategies. Structural mapping and bypassed pay. Parent child relationships and production inconsistency. EOR applications to map CO2 and steam development. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d43e500332767a8a9c1d/1599673260963/ Home - Mining Borehole seismic can assist with ore pod characterization, disused cavern identification and sub surface storage assessment. It has been successfully used at, amongst others, Potash, Diamond, Uranium and Coal sites https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5ab2563e6bd6578775276e/1599779847340/Screen%252BShot%252B2020-08-26%252Bat%252B9.51.23%252BAM.jpg Home - Marques et al, 2011, SEG, VSP survey assists in the characterization of deep-water turbiditic reservoir offshore Brazil. The high resolution VSP image illuminated faulting beneath the resolution of the existing surface seismic and facilitated a reevaluation of the lateral variability of the reservoir. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5ab2563e6bd65787752771/1599779853107/JJ%252BHenry%252Bplan%252Bevents.jpg Home - Morales et al, 2019 SPE-195951, Case Study: Optimizing Eagle Ford field development through a fully integrated workflow Microseismic monitoring provides a 4D view of the microseismicity associated with hydraulic fracturing. This can provide valuable insight into well spacing, landing depth, parent-child interaction and completion optimization. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5ab2563e6bd6578775276b/1599779840317/Screen%252BShot%252B2020-08-26%252Bat%252B9.27.52%252BAM.jpg Home - Zhang et al, 2002, CSEG Recorder, Understanding Reservoir Architectures at Christina Lake, Alberta with Crosswell Seismic Imaging. Crosswell tomography provides high resolution seismic reflection and velocity images between wells. These can illuminate structure such as faults and stratigraphy such as mudstones and clays that could inhibit steam chamber development or CO2 saturation. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f46a2c6ac0d7c58f1385f04/1599685050737/ Home Flexibility An independent consultant available on a project or ad hoc basis working from Houston. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f451c60ee7eba3dd4716d7e/1599685038111/ Home Recognized Expert A recognized industry expert with global experience in all project phases across all survey types for multiple applications https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f46a305a8f406621e627571/1599685045035/ Home Experience counts Over thirty years experience across the full range of operators and government agencies across the globe. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f46cb7e811c720876e5d479/1599657405498/IMG_6023.png Home - “you have been one of the leaders in microseismic and really appreciate your technical advice over the years. It was an honor being able to work with people such as yourself ” https://www.parkergeo.com/about-us daily 0.75 2021-06-02 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f46a16207559539745c47cd/1599676375458/IMG_5792.jpg About https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f46a1b2cf52f52fcc88b5d0/1598464454433/IMG_8880.jpg About https://www.parkergeo.com/general-2 daily 0.75 2020-09-11 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f50f0b836f54e2698d3e11c/1599834201121/2016-02-microseis-acquisition-fig01.jpg Microseismic monitoring - “An example of synthetic waveform modeling for a double-couple source mechanism. An array consisting of 43 receivers is used in a vertical well to record waveform data. P- and S-nodal axes are indicated with blue and red arrows on the wavefront propagation plot.” Akram et al, CSEG Recorder, 2016, vol 41, no. 02. ‘An Overview of Microseismic Acquisition Project Management’. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5b8a3194fb451ffbbfebe6/1599834703074/microseismic%252Bvertical.jpg Microseismic monitoring - Static vertical array This is the simplest deployment and most cost effective if project objectives can be achieved. The array is lowered under gravity and remains in one position throughout the survey. All events are recorded from the same array location resulting in a significant distance bias in the data. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5b89aca9dae26df8955320/1599834550624/microseismic%2Bsplit.jpg Microseismic monitoring - Split array The split array has two sub arrays connected with wireline and deployed by a tractor. Array weight will limit the extent the array can be tractored and each sub array is shorter than an independent vertical or horizontal array. The advantage is the array can detect events on either sub array and potentially both. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f50f438b9947f2798cb2bce/1599834201109/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-09-03%2Bat%2B8.44.30%2BAM.jpg Microseismic monitoring - MSEEL MIP 5H Microseismic ESVs plan view https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5b89fb8c94557a021d758f/1599834627645/microseismic%2Bmulti.jpg Microseismic monitoring - Multi well arrays Assuming appropriate geometry, utilizing multiple monitor wells will improve the sensitivity of the overall receiver network and result in less distance bias and more lower magnitude events recorded. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5b895678d8bf1e756fc4ac/1599834469254/microseismic%2Btractored.jpg Microseismic monitoring - Tractored array The introduction of a tractor adds cost and complexity. Event location are now heavily dependent on the horizontal axis of the receiver array. The advantage of this deployment is the ability to maintain proximity to the active stage of the completion thus reducing distance bias in the data and likely recording more lower magnitude events. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f50f398c9be6c1d52832c98/1599834201114/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-09-03%2Bat%2B8.44.33%2BAM.jpg Microseismic monitoring - MSEEL MIP 5H Microseismic ESVs depth view https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f50f65356f4d63f94ba96b7/1599834201117/geophysical_2.jpg Microseismic monitoring - MSEEL MIP 5H Microseismic 3D view https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f50f047ba3e33114979c929/1599834201124/2016-02-microseis-acquisition-fig03.jpg Microseismic monitoring - “An example of event detectability modeling. Actual microseismic events recorded in the field experiment (Eaton et al., 2014) are also shown which agree in general with the modeling results. The maximum and minimum P-wave velocities in the model are 4520m/s and 2306 m/s, respectively.” Akram et al, CSEG Recorder, 2016, vol 41, no. 02. ‘An Overview of Microseismic Acquisition Project Management’. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f510001c7ac0140a8bdbb9c/1599146226186/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-09-03%2Bat%2B9.37.11%2BAM.jpg Microseismic monitoring - “Typical seismic signal of a ball drop event. Three discrete signals are seen, each with a p- and s-wave combination. The first signal is picked on all levels.” Maxwell S., Parker R., “Microseismic Monitoring of Ball Drops During Hydraulic Fracturing Using Sliding Sleeves”, CSEG Recorder, OCT 2012, VOL. 37 NO. 08 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5108008536374546711f78/1599146230895/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-09-03%2Bat%2B10.08.04%2BAM.jpg Microseismic monitoring - Downhole Versatile Seismic Imager receiver array Schinelli et al. “Microseismic Technology to Monitor Fault Reactivation”, 14th International Congress of the Brazilian Geophysical Society & EXPOGEF, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, 3-6 August 2015. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f511a09ece8771307945ed5/1599150868728/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-09-03%2Bat%2B11.26.24%2BAM.jpg Microseismic monitoring - Example perforation shot waveform (MSEEL data) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f512e952810ce65ef1f8b15/1599155871361/Efe%2BEagleford%2BDFN.jpg Microseismic monitoring - Comparison of calibrated complex fracture geometries and microseismic events. (a) Map view of calibrated fracture geometries for all stages on the five well pad. (b) Cross-sectional view showing the vertical fracture height profile for all the stages. Ejofodomi et al, (2015, July 20). Using a Calibrated 3D Fracturing Simulator to Optimize Completions of Future Wells in the Eagle Ford Shale. URTEC-2015-2172668 https://www.parkergeo.com/vsp daily 0.75 2020-09-09 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f46672781572138228793ae/1599156253266/vsp%2Btypes.jpg VSP https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f47c40b6f78af03f842ec03/1599156269969/Screen%2BShot%2B2020-08-27%2Bat%2B9.31.02%2BAM.jpg VSP https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f46ae1bf149e846c8b7978c/1599156262165/VSP%2Bpicture.jpg VSP https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f47c4858ee0877c453c3497/1599156310160/vibrator-863296_1920.jpg VSP https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f47c57ca94c8b2c8e46ff80/1599156653313/Examples-of-3-different-Basic-File-records-with-drillers-log-data-details-of-select.jpg VSP https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f4e966fe6a5de333d2ab110/1599677120027/vsp%2Bflow.jpg VSP - Modified from Kuzmiski et al. Processing Considerations for 3D VSP. April 2009, CSEG Recorder. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f4e8e54074a1906ae5684c2/1599156707721/3D%252BVSP%252Binterp%252Bexample.jpg VSP - Reservoir Geophysics in Brazilian Pre-Salt Oilfields. Paulo Johann et al, OTC 23681, 2012 https://www.parkergeo.com/crosswell daily 0.75 2020-09-11 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f492e3c1ba0664bf7a2176f/1598632044674/crosswell.jpg Crosswell Seismic - Crosswell survey schematics showing acquisition of common source ‘fans’ on the left and the ray paths utilized for velocity and seismic profiles. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f493b84186ffa33681c4273/1599168546450/crosswell%2Bstructure%2Bexample%2B.jpg Crosswell Seismic - Syarif et al, SPE 166490, 2013, Crosswell Seismic Guided 3D Seismic Interpretation Results in Successful Infill Well Location in Bunyu Field (Indonesia). Syarif et al, SPE 166490, 2013, Crosswell Seismic Guided 3D Seismic Interpretation Results in Successful Infill Well Location in Bunyu Field (Indonesia). https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f493c2cc20b0c0f2586d06f/1599168560301/crosswell%2Bengineering%2Bexample%2B.jpg Crosswell Seismic S. Boone et al, SEG January 2008, 1407-1410. Identification and interpretation of solution mining features on a crosswell reflection profile. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f493d8cbebce66f5a31825d/1599242854045/crosswell%2Bsteam%2Bexample%2B.jpg Crosswell Seismic Bair et al, SEG January 1999, 1643-1646 Time‐lapse imaging of steam and heat movement in the Cymric 36W Cyclic Steam Pilot using crosswell seismology. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f4942614604134bc91d58e5/1599834923837/Screen%252BShot%252B2020-08-28%252Bat%252B9.30.14%252BAM.jpg Crosswell Seismic Spyros et al, TLE 1997, 16(9), 1300-1308. Crosswell seismic imaging of reservoir changes caused by CO2 injection. https://www.parkergeo.com/reviews-2 daily 0.75 2020-08-25 https://www.parkergeo.com/general-2-1 daily 0.75 2020-09-11 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5b8c8494592d7a6e77b734/1599835277352/DAS%2Bdeployment%2B1.jpg DAS - Fiber cemented behind casing https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f527dd8d9bb68364d0d3c53/1599242076885/2016-06-comparing-das-fig01.jpg DAS - Willis et al. “ Comparing DAS and Geophone Zero-Offset VSP Data Sets Side-By-Side ” CSEG Recorder Jun 2016. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5b8d6406875a60bf0884ec/1599835502152/DAS%2Bdeployment%2B3.jpg DAS - Fiber in casing or production tubing (slickline) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f5b8cbc1d1cf90cb729372f/1599835332742/DAS%2Bdeployment%2B2.jpg DAS - Fiber on production tubing https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f525b636cb0801a05ca4423/1599244377330/2016-06-fiber-optic-sensing-fig02.jpg DAS - Dean et al. “ The use of fiber-optic sensing to efficiently acquire vertical seismic profiles” CSEG Recorder Jun 2016. https://www.parkergeo.com/home-1 daily 0.75 2020-09-09 https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d5bdf6ca60288895bdd3/1599590003081/crosswell%2Bthumbnail.jpg Overview - Crosswell Seismic Imaging tomography Reflection tomography Attenuation tomography https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d5bdf6ca60288895bde0/1598475627213/Insight-3DLayers_HeroShot_on_black_touchedUp-17Q2.jpg Overview - Interpretation Data assessment against project objectives Incorporate data into client model https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d5bdf6ca60288895bdd8/1598475627200/ Overview - Project Design Identification of project objectives Pre project planning, feasibility & risk assessment Ray trace modeling & synthetics https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d5bdf6ca60288895bdd0/1599589996242/passive%2Bthumbnail.jpg Overview - Microseismic monitoring Downhole, single & multi well Surface arrays Induced seismicity monitoring https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d5bdf6ca60288895bdd6/1599590011167/DAS%2Bthumbnail.jpg Overview - DAS Full aperture sensing using distributed acoustic sensing VSP and microseismic potential https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d5bdf6ca60288895bdda/1598535723253/ Overview - Project Implementation Acquisition QC & reporting HSE monitoring & reporting Cost tracking Client / service company liaison https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d5bdf6ca60288895bdcd/1599676760268/vsp%2Bthumbnail.jpg Overview - VSP Zero offset and offset VSP Walkabove (vertical incidence) Walkaway (AVO, anisotropy, imaging) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5f3d97b2af67843affb82a5e/t/5f58d5bdf6ca60288895bddd/1598475627209/ Overview - Data Processing Processing QC Processing parameter and flow optimization Data assessment against project objectives Data delivery and reporting